1. The Context of the Irish Famine
The Irish Famine, triggered by the potato blight, devastated Ireland's primary food source and plunged the nation into crisis. With millions facing starvation and destitution, emigration became a matter of survival. The socio-economic conditions of pre-famine Ireland and the inadequacy of relief efforts further compounded the suffering of the Irish people.
2. Motivations for Emigration
Faced with the specter of starvation and death, Irish men and women sought refuge in distant lands. The desperate search for food and work drove many to seek opportunities beyond Ireland's shores. Australia, with its promises of land, employment, and a fresh start, emerged as an appealing destination for those seeking a new life.
3. The Journey to Australia
The voyage to Australia was a perilous undertaking, marked by overcrowded and unsanitary conditions aboard famine ships. Many succumbed to disease, starvation, and despair during the long and arduous journey. Despite the hardships, the promise of a better future beckoned Irish emigrants to endure the trials of the sea.
4. Challenges and Adaptation
Arriving in Australia, Irish immigrants faced a new set of challenges as they sought to rebuild their lives in a foreign land. Discrimination, housing shortages, and limited employment opportunities tested their resilience and determination. Yet, through sheer perseverance, many Irish immigrants found a way to carve out a place for themselves in their new homeland.
5. Contributions to Australian Society
The Irish immigrants brought with them a wealth of skills, knowledge, and cultural heritage that enriched Australian society. From laboring in the fields and building infrastructure to shaping politics and community life, the Irish made indelible contributions to the development of Australia. Their legacy lives on in the countless descendants who proudly trace their ancestry back to Ireland.
6. Cultural Resilience and Preservation
Despite the challenges of assimilation, Irish immigrants remained steadfast in preserving their cultural identity. Language, religion, music, and traditions provided a sense of continuity and belonging in an unfamiliar land. Irish institutions and associations played a vital role in fostering community cohesion and cultural preservation.
7. Legacy and Remembrance
The journey of Irish famine emigration to Australia is a testament to the resilience, courage, and spirit of the Irish people. As we reflect on this forgotten chapter of history, it is essential to honor the sacrifices made and the contributions rendered by those who embarked on this odyssey. Commemorative events, memorials, and ongoing research ensure that the legacy of the Irish in Australia is preserved for future generations.
Conclusion
The story of Irish famine emigration to Australia serves as a poignant reminder of the enduring bonds between Ireland and Australia. Despite the hardships endured, the Irish immigrants left an indelible mark on Australian society, shaping its culture, economy, and identity. As we celebrate their resilience and legacy, let us ensure that their journey is never forgotten.
Stories of irish famine emigrants to australia
The stories of Irish famine emigrants to Australia are as diverse and compelling as the individuals who embarked on that challenging journey. While we may not have direct personal accounts from all of them, historical records, letters, and oral histories offer glimpses into their experiences. Here are a few stories that capture the essence of the Irish famine emigration to Australia:
1. The O'Sullivan Family:
The O'Sullivans were a tenant farming family from County Cork, Ireland. Devastated by the potato blight and facing starvation, they made the difficult decision to leave their homeland for a chance at a better life in Australia. With meager savings, they boarded a famine ship bound for Sydney, hoping for a fresh start.
Their journey was fraught with hardship. Sickness swept through the overcrowded vessel, claiming the lives of several passengers, including young children. Despite the loss and despair, the O'Sullivans pressed on, clinging to the hope of a brighter future.
Upon arrival in Sydney, the O'Sullivans faced the daunting task of rebuilding their lives from scratch. They found work as laborers, toiling in the harsh Australian sun to earn a meager wage. Yet, through sheer determination and resilience, they persevered, eventually securing a small plot of land where they could farm and raise their family.
The O'Sullivans' story is one of courage, sacrifice, and perseverance in the face of adversity. Their descendants continue to honor their legacy, proud of their Irish heritage and the sacrifices made by their ancestors for a chance at a better life in Australia.
2. Bridget Ryan:
Bridget Ryan was a young woman from County Mayo, Ireland, who fled the famine with her family in search of a new beginning in Australia. Like many others, Bridget's family endured the hardships of the famine years, witnessing the suffering and death of loved ones due to starvation and disease.
Despite the challenges of the voyage, Bridget arrived in Australia with hope in her heart, eager to leave the horrors of the famine behind. She found work as a domestic servant in Melbourne, where she labored tirelessly to support herself and her family.
Bridget's resilience and determination were put to the test as she navigated the unfamiliar terrain of her new home. Yet, she embraced the opportunities that Australia offered, seizing every chance to build a better life for herself and her loved ones.
Over time, Bridget's hard work paid off, and she was able to establish herself in her adopted homeland. Though she never forgot the hardships of her past, Bridget found solace in the beauty and promise of her new life in Australia.
Bridget's story is a testament to the strength of the human spirit and the enduring hope that sustains us in times of adversity. Her journey from famine-stricken Ireland to the shores of Australia is a reminder of the resilience and courage of those who dared to dream of a better future.
3. Patrick and Mary Gallagher:
Patrick and Mary Gallagher were newlyweds from County Donegal, Ireland, when they decided to leave their homeland behind and seek their fortunes in Australia. With nothing but a few belongings and a shared determination to build a better life, they embarked on the long and arduous journey across the sea.
The voyage was grueling, with cramped quarters, scant rations, and the constant threat of disease. Yet, Patrick and Mary clung to each other and to the hope of a brighter future awaiting them in Australia.
Upon arrival, they faced the challenges of starting anew in a foreign land. Patrick found work as a laborer, while Mary took on odd jobs to supplement their income. Despite the hardships, they remained steadfast in their resolve to create a better life for themselves and their future family.
Through hard work and perseverance, Patrick and Mary were able to establish themselves in their new home. They raised a family, built a successful business, and became respected members of their community.
Their story is a testament to the power of love, resilience, and the human spirit. Patrick and Mary Gallagher's journey from famine-stricken Ireland to the promise of Australia is a reminder of the courage and determination of those who dared to chase their dreams across the sea.
Famine in Ireland, particularly the Great Famine of the mid-19th century, remains one of the most poignant and tragic chapters in Irish history. This catastrophic event, also known as the Irish Potato Famine or the Great Hunger, had far-reaching consequences, both in terms of immediate human suffering and long-term socioeconomic impacts. Examining this period requires delving into various aspects, including its causes, effects, responses, and lasting legacies.
19th century Ireland
The 19th century was a period of significant social, political, and economic change in Ireland. Ireland, at the time, was part of the United Kingdom but faced numerous challenges, including economic inequality, land tenure issues, and religious tensions between the predominantly Catholic Irish population and the Protestant Anglo-Irish elite.
Agriculture was the backbone of the Irish economy, with a substantial portion of the population relying on small-scale farming for their livelihoods.
Causes of the Famine
The primary cause of the Great Famine in Ireland was the failure of the potato crop, upon which a large segment of the Irish population depended for sustenance. The potato blight, caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans, devastated potato crops across Ireland from 1845 to 1852.
This blight led to widespread crop failures, leaving millions without their primary source of food.
However, the famine's causes were not solely natural; they were also deeply intertwined with political, social, and economic factors. Ireland was under British rule during this period, and British policies exacerbated the impact of the famine.
The prevailing ideology of laissez-faire economics led the British government to implement minimal interventionist measures, despite the severity of the crisis.
Exports of food from Ireland, even as people were starving, exacerbating the suffering of the Irish peasantry.
Human Impact
The human toll of the Great Famine was staggering. It's estimated that around one million people died from starvation and related diseases during the famine years, while millions more emigrated in search of survival. Entire communities were decimated, with the rural poor being the hardest hit.
The famine disproportionately affected the most vulnerable segments of Irish society, including the poor, the elderly, and children, who were particularly susceptible to malnutrition and disease.
The mass emigration that occurred during and after the famine had profound demographic consequences. Millions of Irish people left their homeland, with many seeking refuge in the United States, Canada, Australia, and elsewhere. This mass exodus reshaped the demographic landscape of Ireland and its diaspora, leaving a lasting imprint on Irish identity and culture.
Soup Kitchens
During the Famine in Ireland (1845-1852), soup kitchens played a crucial role in providing relief to the starving population. These soup kitchens were set up by various charitable organizations, including local relief committees, Quaker groups, and the British government. The soup kitchens provided basic meals, usually a watery soup made from vegetables such as turnips, cabbage, and sometimes a small amount of meat if available. The goal was to provide nourishment to as many people as possible with limited resources.
However, the effectiveness of the soup kitchens was limited by logistical challenges, inadequate funding, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Many people still suffered from malnutrition and starvation despite the efforts of these soup kitchens. Additionally, the British government's reliance on a laissez-faire approach exacerbated the crisis, leading to widespread suffering and loss of life. The famine had a profound and lasting impact on Ireland, resulting in mass emigration and shaping the country's history and culture for generations to come.
Evictions
During the famine in Ireland, evictions were tragically common occurrences that exacerbated the already dire situation faced by many impoverished Irish families. These evictions were not only a result of economic hardship but were often directly linked to the failure of the potato crop, which left many tenants unable to pay their rent. Understanding the context, causes, and consequences of these evictions provides insight into the immense suffering experienced during this tumultuous period in Irish history.
Responses and Relief Efforts
The response to the famine, both domestically and internationally, was mixed. While some efforts were made to alleviate the suffering of the Irish population, they often fell short of addressing the scale of the crisis.
Private charities, religious organizations, and philanthropists provided aid in the form of soup kitchens, workhouses, and relief programs. However, these efforts were often insufficient to meet the overwhelming demand for food and assistance.
The British government's response to the famine has been heavily criticized for its inadequacy and indifference. While some relief measures were implemented, such as public works projects and soup kitchens, they were often poorly managed and insufficiently funded.
Moreover, the British government's continued adherence to laissez-faire economic policies hampered effective intervention efforts, exacerbating the famine's impact.
Long-Term Impacts and Legacy
The Great Famine had profound and enduring effects on Ireland, shaping its society, economy, and politics for generations to come. One of the most significant consequences of the famine was the decline of the Irish language and culture.
As millions emigrated from Ireland, the Irish-speaking population dwindled, and English became increasingly dominant. The loss of language and cultural heritage remains a source of sorrow and resilience for the Irish people.
Economically, the famine hastened the decline of Ireland's rural agrarian economy and contributed to the consolidation of landownership in the hands of a wealthy landowning class. The legacy of landlordism and land tenure issues persisted long after the famine ended, fueling agrarian unrest and political agitation in Ireland.
Politically, the Great Famine catalyzed the emergence of Irish nationalism and fueled resentment towards British rule.
Many Irish nationalists viewed the British government's response to the famine as a betrayal of the Irish people, further fueling calls for independence.
In conclusion, the famine in Ireland, particularly the Great Famine of the mid-19th century, remains a poignant and tragic chapter in Irish history. Its causes were complex and multifaceted, rooted in both natural disaster and political, social, and economic factors.
The human toll of the famine was staggering, with millions perishing from starvation and disease, and millions more forced to emigrate in search of survival. The responses to the famine were often inadequate, exacerbating the suffering of the Irish population.
The long-term impacts of the famine were profound, shaping Ireland's society, economy, and politics for generations to come. Despite the passage of time, the memory of the famine continues to loom large in the collective consciousness of the Irish people, serving as a reminder of the importance of solidarity, compassion, and resilience in the face of adversity.
Aftermath
To understand the aftermath of the famine, it's crucial to grasp the magnitude of its impact. The famine in Ireland claimed the lives of approximately one million people and forced another million to emigrate, drastically altering Ireland's demographic landscape. The reliance on the potato crop, coupled with colonial policies and economic disparities, exacerbated the crisis, leaving communities grappling with poverty, disease, and displacement.
Immediate Consequences
In the wake of the famine, Ireland found itself grappling with immediate consequences that reverberated across generations. The loss of life, particularly among the rural poor, left scars that would endure for decades. Families were torn apart, communities shattered, and the social fabric strained to its limits. Moreover, the famine's toll on physical and mental health left a legacy of trauma that persisted long after the famine years.
Emigration and Diaspora
One of the most profound legacies of the famine was mass emigration. Fleeing starvation and seeking economic opportunities abroad, hundreds of thousands of Irish men, women, and children embarked on perilous journeys to distant shores. The Irish diaspora spread across the globe, leaving an enduring imprint on countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and beyond. While emigration offered a lifeline to many, it also meant the loss of irreplaceable talent and potential for Ireland.
Agrarian Reform and Political Awakening
The Irish famine sparked profound changes in Irish society and politics. The failure of British authorities to adequately respond to the crisis fueled resentment and catalyzed movements for agrarian reform and Irish self-determination. Organizations like the Irish National Land League emerged, advocating for tenant rights and land redistribution. The famine years laid the groundwork for a burgeoning sense of Irish identity and political consciousness that would culminate in the struggle for independence.
Landlordism and Economic Transformation
The famine in Ireland exposed the injustices of landlordism and the unequal distribution of land in Ireland. Many landlords, absentee and indifferent to the plight of their tenants, evicted families unable to pay rent, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis. In the aftermath of the famine, land reform became a pressing issue, as tenants demanded fair treatment and ownership rights. The Land Acts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries sought to address these grievances, albeit imperfectly, paving the way for a more equitable agrarian system.
Cultural Resilience and Revival
Despite the devastation wrought by the famine, Irish culture endured, serving as a source of solace and solidarity. Music, literature, and language provided a means of expressing grief, resilience, and defiance in the face of adversity. The Gaelic Revival movement sought to reclaim and celebrate Ireland's cultural heritage, fostering a renewed sense of pride and identity. From the poetry of W.B. Yeats to the music of traditional sessions, the cultural revival ignited a renaissance that continues to resonate today.
Legacy and Remembrance
The memory of the Irish famine looms large in the Irish consciousness, serving as a poignant reminder of past injustices and collective suffering. Memorials and commemorations across Ireland and the world pay tribute to those who perished and the resilience of those who survived. Museums and educational initiatives strive to ensure that the lessons of the famine are not forgotten, promoting understanding and empathy across generations.
Conclusion
The aftermath of the famine in Ireland was marked by profound challenges and enduring legacies. From the scars of loss and displacement to the seeds of resilience and renewal, the famine years continue to shape the trajectory of Irish history and identity. While the wounds inflicted by the famine may never fully heal, the stories of survival, solidarity, and cultural revival stand as a testament to the enduring spirit of the Irish people. As Ireland confronts new challenges in the 21st century, the lessons of the famine remain relevant, reminding us of the importance of compassion, justice, and resilience in the face of adversity.
It was a time of widespread famine, disease, and death, resulting from the failure of the potato crop, which was a staple food for the majority of the Irish population.
In this comprehensive discussion, we'll delve into the causes, impacts, and legacy of the Irish Famine, exploring the socio-economic, political, and cultural dimensions of this tragic event.
The Irish Famine Exhibition in Stephens Green Dublin covers these topics in greater detail.
]]>It was a time of widespread famine, disease, and death, resulting from the failure of the potato crop, which was a staple food for the majority of the Irish population.
In this comprehensive discussion, we'll delve into the causes, impacts, and legacy of the Irish Famine, exploring the socio-economic, political, and cultural dimensions of this tragic event.
The Irish Famine Exhibition in Stephens Green Dublin covers these topics in greater detail.
Short Version:
1. Background and Causes:
1.1 Agricultural Dependence: Ireland in the mid-19th century was heavily dependent on agriculture, with a significant portion of the population relying on the potato as their primary food source.
1.2 Potato Blight: In 1845, a potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) struck, destroying the potato crops across Ireland. This led to successive crop failures in the following years, exacerbating the severity of the famine.
2. Political Context:
2.1 British Rule: Ireland was part of the United Kingdom during this period, and British policies significantly influenced the Irish response to the famine.
2.2 British Landlord System: The British landlord system in Ireland contributed to the vulnerability of the Irish population. Many tenants faced eviction during the famine, worsening their plight.
3. Impact on Population:
3.1 Mortality: The famine resulted in a significant loss of life, with estimates ranging from one to two million deaths. Malnutrition and diseases such as typhus, dysentery, and cholera were rampant.
3.2 Emigration: A large number of Irish people emigrated during the famine, seeking relief from the desperate conditions. The United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries became the new homes for many Irish immigrants.
4. Response and Relief Efforts:
4.1 British Government: The British government's response to the famine has been criticized for its inadequacy. The implementation of relief measures was often slow and insufficient.
4.2 Charity and Philanthropy: Various charitable organizations, both in Ireland and abroad, played a role in providing relief to the starving population.
Chowtaw Tribe of Oaklahoma donated to Irish Famine Relief
5. Social and Economic Consequences:
5.1 Social Disintegration: The famine caused a breakdown in social structures, with families torn apart, communities shattered, and traditional ways of life disrupted.
5.2 Economic Impact: The economic repercussions of the famine were profound, leading to a long-term decline in Irish agriculture and contributing to ongoing economic challenges.
6. Cultural and Political Legacy:
6.1 Irish Nationalism: The famine had a lasting impact on Irish nationalism, contributing to a sense of resentment toward British rule and inspiring movements for Irish independence.
6.2 Cultural Memory: The Great Famine is deeply ingrained in Irish cultural memory, influencing literature, art, and collective identity.
7. Historiographical Debates:
7.1 Causes and Responsibility: Historians continue to debate the causes of the famine and the degree of responsibility borne by the British government in its handling of the crisis.
7.2 Long-Term Effects: Scholars explore the long-term effects of the famine on Irish society, economy, and politics.
8. Conclusion:
The Irish Famine stands as a tragic chapter in Irish history, leaving an indelible mark on the nation's psyche. Its impact extends far beyond the 19th century, shaping Ireland's cultural, social, and political landscape for generations to come. The famine remains a poignant reminder of the interconnectedness of history, politics, and human suffering.
Long Version:
Introduction:
The Irish Famine, also known as the Great Famine or the Great Hunger, was a harrowing period in Irish history that unfolded between 1845 and 1852. This catastrophic event, marked by widespread famine, disease, and mass death, was catalyzed by the failure of the potato crop—a staple food for the majority of the Irish population. This comprehensive article delves into the multifaceted dimensions of the Irish Famine, exploring its historical context, causes, impacts on the population, relief efforts, and enduring legacy.
1. Historical Context:
1.1 Pre-Famine Ireland:
Before delving into the Irish Famine, it is essential to understand the socio-economic and political landscape of Ireland in the mid-19th century. Ireland was predominantly agrarian, with a significant portion of the population relying on small-scale farming for sustenance. The majority of Irish people, especially the rural poor, depended heavily on the potato as their primary source of nutrition.
1.2 The British Connection:
During this period, Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, and British policies significantly influenced Irish affairs. The British landlord system in Ireland, characterized by absentee landlords and the exploitation of tenant farmers, exacerbated the vulnerability of the Irish population to the impending catastrophe.
2. The Potato Blight:
The crisis began in 1845 when a potato blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans struck Irish potato fields. The blight rapidly spread, leading to a catastrophic failure of the potato crop. This event was the catalyst for the subsequent years of famine, as the potato was not only a dietary staple but also a primary source of sustenance for the impoverished Irish population.
Potato Blight
3. Impact on the Population:
3.1 Mortality and Disease:
The consequences of the potato blight were severe and immediate. The failure of the potato crop resulted in a devastating famine that claimed the lives of an estimated one to two million people. Malnutrition and diseases such as typhus, dysentery, and cholera spread rapidly, further decimating the weakened population.
3.2 Emigration:
Faced with the dire conditions at home, a significant number of Irish people chose emigration as a means of escape. The United States, Canada, Australia, and other distant lands became the new homes for countless Irish immigrants. This mass exodus had profound and lasting effects on Irish communities and diaspora identity.
4. Political Dimensions:
4.1 British Government Response:
The British government's response to the unfolding tragedy has been a subject of historical debate. Critics argue that the British government's relief measures were slow, inadequate, and often misguided. Some attribute negligence and a laissez-faire economic philosophy to exacerbating the suffering of the Irish population.
4.2 Landlords and Evictions:
The British landlord system played a crucial role in shaping the Irish Famine narrative. Many landlords, driven by economic interests, evicted tenants unable to pay rent due to crop failure, exacerbating the plight of the already suffering population. The lack of a comprehensive and compassionate response further fueled resentment towards British rule.
5. Relief Efforts:
5.1 British Relief Measures:
Despite the criticisms, there were attempts by the British government to provide relief. Soup kitchens and public works projects were established, intending to alleviate the suffering of the starving population. However, logistical challenges, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and inadequate funding hampered the effectiveness of these efforts.
5.2 Charity and Philanthropy:
Various charitable organizations, both in Ireland and abroad, played a significant role in providing relief during the famine. Organizations such as the Society of Friends (Quakers) and the British Relief Association engaged in fundraising and relief activities, offering assistance to those in desperate need.
6. Social and Economic Consequences:
6.1 Social Disintegration:
The Irish Famine had profound social consequences, leading to the disintegration of traditional family structures and communities. Families were torn apart, and communities were shattered as the famine brought about a breakdown in social cohesion and support networks.
6.2 Economic Impact:
Beyond the immediate crisis, the economic repercussions of the famine were enduring. The decline of Irish agriculture continued long after the famine, contributing to ongoing economic challenges. The effects were felt for generations, shaping the economic trajectory of post-famine Ireland.
7. Cultural and Political Legacy:
7.1 Irish Nationalism:
The Irish Famine played a pivotal role in shaping Irish nationalism. The perceived failures of British rule during the famine fueled a sense of resentment and discontent, contributing to the fervor for Irish independence. The traumatic experience of the famine became a rallying point for those advocating for self-determination.
7.2 Cultural Memory:
The Great Famine is deeply ingrained in Irish cultural memory. Literature, art, and folklore have memorialized the suffering and resilience of the Irish people during this period. The famine's legacy is evident in the cultural narratives that continue to be passed down through generations.
8. Historiographical Debates:
8.1 Causes and Responsibility:
Historians continue to debate the causes of the famine and the degree of responsibility borne by the British government. While some emphasize the impact of natural factors such as the potato blight, others argue that British policies and responses exacerbated the severity of the crisis.
8.2 Long-Term Effects:
Scholars explore the long-term effects of the famine on Irish society, economy, and politics. The famine is seen as a transformative event that influenced the trajectory of Irish history, leaving an indelible mark on the nation's development.
9. Conclusion:
The Irish Famine remains a poignant and tragic chapter in the history of Ireland. Its impact, both immediate and enduring, has shaped the nation's identity, influencing cultural, social, and political landscapes for generations. The famine serves as a stark reminder of the interconnectedness of history, politics, and human suffering, urging contemporary societies to reflect on the lessons learned from this devastating epoch
How did the Irish Famine change Ireland
Demographic Shifts
The irish famine resulted in significant demographic changes in Ireland. The loss of approximately one million lives due to starvation, disease, and emigration had a profound impact on the population. Rural areas, in particular, were devastated, leading to depopulation and the decline of traditional agrarian communities. This demographic upheaval reshaped Ireland's social and economic landscape, with long-lasting consequences.
Emigration
One of the most enduring legacies of the famine was mass emigration. Facing starvation and destitution, millions of Irish men, women, and children fled their homeland in search of a better life abroad. Emigration became a survival strategy for countless families, leading to the establishment of large Irish communities in countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and Britain. The diaspora played a significant role in shaping Irish identity and influencing global affairs.
Political Awakening
The famine served as a catalyst for political mobilization and agitation for change. The failure of British authorities to adequately respond to the crisis highlighted the grievances of the Irish people and fueled demands for political autonomy and land reform. Organizations such as the Irish National Land League emerged, advocating for tenant rights and challenging the power dynamics of landlordism. The famine years laid the groundwork for the Irish nationalist movement and the eventual struggle for independence.
Economic Transformation
The famine exposed the vulnerabilities of Ireland's agrarian economy and the injustices of landlordism. Landlords, many of whom were absentee and indifferent to the plight of their tenants, exacerbated the humanitarian crisis by evicting families unable to pay rent. The devastation wrought by the famine spurred calls for agrarian reform and land redistribution. Legislation such as the Land Acts sought to address these grievances, though progress was slow and uneven. The famine years marked a period of economic upheaval and transformation as Ireland grappled with the legacy of colonial exploitation and inequality.
Cultural Revival
Despite the hardships of the irish famine years, Irish culture endured as a source of resilience and resistance. Music, literature, and language provided solace and solidarity in the face of adversity. The Gaelic Revival movement sought to reclaim and celebrate Ireland's cultural heritage, fostering a renewed sense of pride and identity. The famine served as a rallying cry for cultural renewal, inspiring generations of artists, writers, and activists to preserve and promote Irish traditions.
Legacy and Memory
The memory of the famine looms large in the Irish consciousness, serving as a potent symbol of past suffering and resilience. Memorials, monuments, and commemorations across Ireland and the world pay tribute to those who perished and the enduring spirit of survival. Museums and educational initiatives seek to ensure that the lessons of the famine are not forgotten, promoting understanding and empathy across generations. The legacy of the famine continues to shape Ireland's national identity and collective memory, reminding future generations of the importance of solidarity, justice, and resilience in the face of adversity.
3. Explore Census Records
Census records are invaluable for tracking ancestors in Ireland. Although many early records were destroyed, surviving records date back to 1901. Delve into the National Archives of Ireland or online databases to extract information on your ancestors' households, occupations, and relationships.
4. Utilize Civil Registration
Civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths in Ireland began in 1864. Access the General Register Office (GRO) for certificates to gather essential details. Note that non-Catholic marriages were recorded from 1845. Additionally, earlier records may be found in local parish registers.
5. Examine Church Records
For events predating civil registration, church records are a vital resource. The National Library of Ireland and the National Archives house numerous parish registers. Identify your ancestor's denomination and location to narrow down your search and uncover baptism, marriage, and burial records.
6. Explore Griffith's Valuation
Griffith's Valuation, conducted between 1847 and 1864, is a property survey that aids in locating ancestors in specific areas. Search the online database using your family name and explore the details on landownership. This resource can offer insights into your ancestors' economic circumstances.
7. Investigate Land Records
Dive into land records such as tithe applotment books (1823-1837) and estate records to glean information on landownership. The National Archives and county archives hold valuable documents that can shed light on your ancestors' connections to the land and local communities.
8. Access Will and Probate Records
Wills and probate records provide a glimpse into family relationships, property holdings, and personal belongings. The National Archives holds wills from 1858 onward. For earlier records, check local archives to uncover the testaments of your Irish ancestors.
9. Visit Local Archives and Libraries
Local archives and libraries in Ireland house a wealth of information. Explore county libraries, historical societies, and local heritage centers to access unique resources and tap into the knowledge of staff members familiar with the area's genealogical history.
10. Utilize Online Genealogy Databases
Leverage the power of online genealogy platforms such as Ancestry.com, Findmypast, and MyHeritage. These databases offer a vast array of records, including census data, military records, and more. Efficiently search and cross-reference information to build a comprehensive family tree.
11. DNA Testing for Ancestral Connections
Consider DNA testing through companies like AncestryDNA or 23andMe. DNA results can provide valuable insights into your ancestral origins, connect you with relatives you may not have known existed, and break through brick walls in your research.
12. Join Genealogy Forums and Groups
Engage with the genealogy community by joining online forums and social media groups dedicated to Irish genealogy. Share your information, seek advice, and connect with others who may be researching similar family lines. Collaboration often leads to new discoveries.
13. Hire a Professional Genealogist
If your research reaches an impasse, consider hiring a professional genealogist with expertise in Irish records. These experts possess specialized knowledge and have access to resources not readily available online, increasing the likelihood of breaking through difficult research barriers.
14. Plan a Research Trip to Ireland
For those who can, planning a visit to Ireland can be an enriching experience. Explore local archives, visit cemeteries, and tour ancestral sites. Engage with locals to gather insights and potentially connect with distant relatives who may hold additional family history details.
15. Stay Persistent and Flexible
Irish genealogy research often requires persistence and flexibility. Records may be incomplete or challenging to locate, but perseverance can lead to breakthroughs. Stay open to alternative spellings and variations of names, and be prepared to adapt your approach as new information emerges.
Conclusion:
Embarking on the journey to discover your Irish ancestors requires a systematic and patient approach. By combining traditional research methods with modern tools, you can uncover the rich tapestry of your family history. Each record and discovery contributes to a more complete understanding of your Irish roots, allowing you to connect with the past and forge a link between generations. Good luck on your genealogical journey as you unravel the mysteries of your Irish ancestry!
Emigration during the Famine is included in the Irish Famine Exhibition Dublin which will be held from April 1st to September 30th 2024 on the 2nd Floor of the Stephens Green Shopping Centre.
]]>Emigration during the Famine is included in the Irish Famine Exhibition Dublin which will be held from April 2nd to September 28th 2024 on the 2nd Floor of the Stephens Green Shopping Centre.
Emigration from Ireland, particularly during the 19th century, was shaped by various factors, with the Great Famine of 1845-1852 standing out as a pivotal event. This catastrophic period, marked by a potato blight that devastated the staple food source of the Irish population, resulted in widespread starvation, disease, and ultimately, a massive wave of emigration.
The Great Famine, also known as the Potato Famine, had dire consequences for Ireland. The potato, a vital crop for the majority of the population, succumbed to a devastating blight caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans. With the failure of the potato crop, which was relied upon as a primary food source, Ireland faced a severe food shortage, leading to widespread poverty and suffering.
One of the most significant outcomes of the famine was the staggering loss of life. It is estimated that around one million people died due to starvation and disease during this period. The impact on the population was profound, with Ireland experiencing a demographic catastrophe as the population decreased by approximately 20-25%.
Faced with dire economic conditions, lack of food, and loss of livelihoods, a mass exodus ensued. Emigration became a means of survival for countless Irish families. The United States and Canada emerged as primary destinations for Irish emigrants, drawn by the promise of a better life and economic opportunities. Cities like Boston, New York, and Montreal saw a significant influx of Irish immigrants during this period.
The journey for many Irish emigrants was arduous and challenging. Often lacking resources, they embarked on long and perilous sea voyages, facing harsh conditions and overcrowded ships. The experience of emigration was marked by hardship, but for many, it offered a glimmer of hope for a brighter future away from the devastation of the famine-stricken homeland.
The demographic impact of the Irish Famine and subsequent emigration was profound. The loss of a significant portion of the population had lasting effects on Ireland's social structure. Many of those who left were young and in search of economic opportunities, contributing to a skewed demographic balance within Ireland.
The legacy of this mass emigration is deeply ingrained in Irish culture and history. The trauma of the famine and the experience of leaving one's homeland became part of the collective memory of the Irish people. This legacy is often reflected in literature, music, and art, serving as a poignant reminder of the challenges faced by the Irish diaspora during this turbulent period.
In conclusion, the emigration from Ireland during the 19th century, particularly in the wake of the Great Famine, was a response to profound economic hardship and the devastating loss of life. The Irish diaspora that emerged during this period played a crucial role in shaping the cultural, demographic, and historical landscape of both Ireland and the countries to which the emigrants sought refuge.
If you are seeking an Emigration Museum in Dublin that is dedicated to the story of Irish emigration then we can recommend EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum.
EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum Dublin, nestled in the historic CHQ Building in Dublin's Docklands, stands as a testament to the profound history of Irish emigration and the enduring impact of the Irish diaspora. With its inception in 2016, EPIC has become a beacon of knowledge, weaving together narratives of struggle, triumph, and contributions that resonate globally. This detailed exploration of EPIC's history unfolds over 2500 words, chronicling its founding, mission, thematic exhibits, interactive experiences, recognition, and the evolving trajectory that positions EPIC as a dynamic cultural institution.
Founding and Inception:
The genesis of EPIC museum of emigration dublin can be traced back to the early 21st century, a time when a collective awareness emerged about the need to preserve and showcase Ireland's intricate tapestry of emigration. A dedicated team of historians, curators, and designers envisioned a space that would not only document but also celebrate the stories of Irish emigrants. The CHQ Building, with its historical significance as a former tobacco and wine warehouse, was chosen as the ideal location for the museum.
The year 2016 marked a pivotal moment as EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum officially opened its doors to the public. The choice of the CHQ Building added a layer of historical resonance, grounding the museum in a space that mirrored the economic history of Ireland. The founding of EPIC was a testament to the commitment of its creators to create an immersive and interactive experience that would engage visitors with the multifaceted history of Irish emigration.
Mission and Objectives:
EPIC Emigration Museum Dublin has a mission which is two-fold: to educate visitors about the historical context and individual stories of Irish emigrants, and to celebrate the global impact of the Irish diaspora. The overarching objective is to preserve the collective memory of Irish emigration, fostering a sense of connection among the global Irish community while offering a space for reflection and exploration.
The creators of EPIC sought to move beyond traditional museum experiences by incorporating cutting-edge technology and interactive displays. The aim was not just to inform but also to evoke empathy and understanding, allowing visitors to emotionally connect with the struggles and achievements of those who left Ireland in pursuit of new opportunities.
Exhibits and Themes:
EPIC Dublin Emigration Museum has exhibits that are meticulously organized around key themes, unraveling different periods and aspects of Irish emigration. One pivotal theme explores the impact of the Great Famine, a dark period in Irish history that prompted many to seek refuge and a fresh start abroad. Through engaging multimedia displays, visitors can immerse themselves in the challenging conditions faced by emigrants during this time, gaining insights into the push factors that compelled people to leave their homeland.
The museum delves into subsequent waves of emigration, shedding light on the diverse reasons that prompted people to leave Ireland and the destinations they set their sights on. EPIC's exhibits are not mere displays but living narratives that incorporate personal stories, letters, and artifacts, providing a holistic view of the experiences of individuals and families.
Another significant thematic exploration at EPIC revolves around recognizing the achievements of the Irish diaspora in various fields. Science, sports, politics, and the arts are among the domains covered, showcasing the enduring impact of Irish emigrants on global culture and society. By highlighting these contributions, the museum seeks to dispel stereotypes and illuminate the positive influence of the diaspora.
Interactive Experience:
A hallmark of EPIC Dublin Emigration Museum is its commitment to providing an interactive and dynamic museum experience. Incorporating technology such as touchscreens, audiovisual displays, and interactive installations, the museum invites visitors to engage with the exhibits in a hands-on manner. This approach not only caters to a diverse audience but also enhances the learning experience by making history accessible and enjoyable.
The Genealogy Discovery Center within EPIC exemplifies this commitment to interactivity. Here, visitors can delve into their own Irish ancestry through digital databases and research tools, connecting their personal stories to the broader narrative of Irish emigration. This hands-on approach encourages a deeper connection between the museum and its visitors, fostering a sense of shared history and identity.
Recognition and Impact:
EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum Dublin has earned acclaim for its innovative approach to storytelling and its contribution to preserving and presenting the history of Irish emigration. Visitors and scholars alike have lauded the museum for its meticulous curation, compelling narratives, and seamless integration of technology.
The impact of EPIC museum of emigration dublin extends beyond the physical confines of the museum. With a robust online presence and virtual initiatives, the museum reaches a global audience. Its recognition as a cultural hub transcends traditional museum experiences, resonating with people of all ages and backgrounds.
Awards and accolades have affirmed EPIC's role as a vital cultural institution. The museum's ability to strike a balance between educational content and engaging presentation has set it apart, positioning EPIC as a model for museums exploring innovative ways to tell complex historical narratives.
Evolution and Future Directions:
As EPIC continues to evolve, it remains committed to expanding its reach and relevance. The museum periodically updates its exhibits to incorporate new research, discoveries, and contemporary perspectives on Irish emigration. This commitment to staying current ensures that EPIC remains a dynamic and living institution, relevant to future generations seeking to understand their roots.
The future trajectory of EPIC may involve further collaborations with educational institutions, cultural organizations, and the broader Irish diaspora community. By fostering partnerships and engaging with diverse perspectives, the museum can continue to enrich its offerings and contribute to a deeper understanding of Irish emigration in a global context.
In an ever-changing world, EPIC stands as a beacon of continuity, preserving the legacy of Irish emigration while embracing the evolving narratives of the present and future. The museum's commitment to inclusivity and accessibility ensures that its impact extends far beyond the walls of the CHQ Building.
Conclusion:
EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum Dublin is more than a repository of historical artifacts; it is a living, breathing testament to the resilience, creativity, and contributions of the Irish people who ventured far from home. Through its captivating exhibits, interactive displays, and commitment to preserving the stories of the Irish diaspora, EPIC has become a cultural cornerstone.
By exploring the past, present, and future of Irish emigration, EPIC invites visitors to embark on a journey of discovery that transcends borders. The museum stands as a bridge connecting generations, fostering a sense of pride and connection among the global Irish community. EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum is not just a museum; it is a dynamic space where history comes alive, inviting individuals to engage, reflect, and carry the torch of Irish heritage into the future.
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Dublin, the vibrant capital of Ireland, is a city that seamlessly blends its rich history with a contemporary flair. From its charming cobbled streets to the lively atmosphere of its pubs, Dublin offers a plethora of experiences for locals and tourists alike. In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore the diverse range of things to do in Dublin that makes the city a must-visit destination. Get ready to immerse yourself in the culture, history, and charm of this enchanting city.
Temporary Exhibitions
April 1st-Sept 30th 2024
2nd Floor of Stephens Green Shopping Centre
Historical Marvels
Cultural Hotspots
Scenic Parks and Gardens
Culinary Delights
Other Things to do in Dublin:
Quaint Neighborhoods
Pubs and Nightlife
Unique Experiences
Day Trips from Dublin
Dublin, with its blend of history, culture, and modernity, offers a captivating experience for every traveler. Whether you're interested in exploring ancient castles, savoring traditional Irish cuisine, or immersing yourself in the city's vibrant nightlife, there are plenty of things to do in Dublin. With its friendly locals and welcoming atmosphere, Dublin is more than a destination; it's an unforgettable journey into the heart of Ireland.
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Maria Edgeworth (1768–1849) was an Irish author known for her contributions to the novel and children's literature during the early 19th century. She was a prolific writer whose works often explored social issues, education, and the relationships between different classes in society.
Maria, along with other members of her family, was involved in philanthropic and charitable activities to alleviate the suffering of the Irish people during the Great Famine. They contributed to relief efforts, providing assistance to those affected by the famine. Edgeworth used her influence and connections to raise awareness of the dire situation in Ireland and to encourage support for famine relief.
Background
Maria Edgeworth came from a landowning family in Ireland. Her father, Richard Lovell Edgeworth, was an Anglo-Irish landlord, inventor, and educationist.
Edgeworthstown takes its name from the Edgeworth family.
In 1619, King James I confiscated land from the Gaelic O’Farrells in Longford and granted it to Francis Edgeworth.
The Edgeworths were members of the landlord class and in the initial stages – certainly for several decades -they were mainly absentee landlords.
The Edgeworth family owned extensive estates in County Longford, Ireland. Richard Lovell Edgeworth was known for his progressive views on education, and Maria was raised in an intellectually stimulating environment.
Maria Edgeworth's experiences and observations of Irish society, particularly the relationships between landlords and tenants, influenced her writing. Her novel "Castle Rackrent" is often considered a satirical commentary on the Irish landed gentry, and it provides a critical perspective on the issues related to landlords and their management of estates. While her family background was that of landowners, Maria Edgeworth demonstrated a nuanced understanding of the social and economic issues of her time in her literary works.
Here are some of her notable works:
Castle Rackrent (1800): This novel is often considered the first historical novel and is a satirical depiction of the Irish landed gentry. It is narrated by Thady Quirk, the steward of the estate, and provides a humorous and critical view of the changing social and economic landscape in Ireland.
This novel explores issues of courtship and marriage in the upper classes of British society. It addresses themes of gender roles, social expectations, and the challenges faced by women in the early 19th century.
The Parent's Assistant (1796): This is a collection of short stories and tales for children. Edgeworth is often credited with contributing to the development of the genre of children's literature. The stories in this collection emphasize moral lessons and educational values.
The Absentee (1812): This novel deals with the consequences of absentee landlords in Ireland and their impact on the Irish tenants. It provides a social and political commentary on the relationships between the English landowners and the Irish peasants.
Ormond (1817): This novel is set against the backdrop of the 1798 Irish Rebellion and follows the adventures of the titular character, Harry Ormond. The novel explores themes of identity, loyalty, and political intrigue.
Harrington (1817): In this work, Edgeworth addresses issues of class, education, and the role of women in society. The novel follows the life of the protagonist, Euphemia, as she navigates social expectations and challenges.
Maria Edgeworth's works were influential in their time, and she was admired for her ability to combine entertainment with moral instruction. Her emphasis on education and moral values, particularly in her children's literature, set her apart as a writer who was concerned with the betterment of society through literature.
Further Reading
Article written by County Archivist Martin Morris and published
in the book ‘o theach go teach’ a history of Edgeworthstown published in 2003
by the Edgeworthstown Historical Group:
In the period of the ‘Great Famine’ (1845-1851), the civil parish of Mostrim
consisted of thirty-four townlands and the town, covering just over 10,943
acres.
The census of 1841 revealed that it had a population of 4,933, of whom 864 (or
21%) lived in Edgeworthstown itself. As the population generally was increasing
quite rapidly, we may assume that by 1845, the parish would have had over 5,000
people. It can also be assumed that in common with the rest of Ireland, those in
the parish most dependent upon the potato crop were the small farmers, the
cottiers and the labourers. Frequently, the distinctions between those three
groups were very blurred, but the rapid rise in population from the beginning of
the nineteenth century was especially evident among them.
Constable Peter Byrnes reported from Edgeworthstown on 28 May 1846 : he
stated that there had been 300 acres sown in 1844 and 280 acres in 1845.
However, the partial failure of ‘45 meant that in 1846, there were 208 acres
planted, or almost one third less than two years earlier. During the autumn of
1846, the local relief effort expanded in response to the worsening situation. On
4 September, a meeting of the clergy, landowners and farmers of Mostrim was
held in the Market House in Edgeworthstown under the chairmanship of
Michael Pakenham Edgeworth (another of Maria’s half-brothers). It was decided
that subscriptions be collected to purchase Indian meal and other foodstuffs. A
committee was appointed with the following members: Francis B. Edgeworth,
Rev. Thomas Gray P.P., Rev. J. McNally C.C., Mr. Cowen, Surgeon Dobson, Mr.
Tynan, Mr. Rhatigan, Mr. Kenny, Mr. Green, Mr. James Kelly, Mr. Duffy and Mr.
McKeon.
The most important factor in determining the course of the Famine in
any area was the response of the local landlord.
If a landlord was genuinely interested in the welfare of his/her tenantry, then
their actions would quite literally make the difference between life and death.
The people of Edgeworthstown were fortunate to have, living in the ‘big house’
at their time of acute need, a lady of action – the novelist Maria Edgeworth
(1767-1849). On 30 January 1847, she completed a questionnaire for the Society of Friends Dublin Central Relief Committee which provides us with a reasonably
clear impression of conditions at that point. She estimated the population
(presumably of the entire parish) at 5,000, of which 3,000 required relief. She
worked with her stepmother, Frances Beaufort Edgeworth, to distribute food
and clothing to the poor in the area.
Edgeworth did not believe in giving relief indiscriminately – it was important for
the poor to work for themselves as far as possible, and that included women and
girls. She suggested, in a letter to Dr. Joshua Harvey of the Society of Friends,
that a small sum of money could procure materials for women for such activities
as needlework and knitting. Harvey’s committee granted £30 towards the
distribution of soup and a further £10 for providing female employment.
As a famous author, Edgeworth had friends and acquaintances in many places
and she sought the assistance of some of them. One, Miss Ryan in Cincinnati,
Ohio, persuaded the relief committee there to spend the balance of its funds –
$180 – on cornmeal to be sent to her. She also received contributions from,
among others, Professor Ticknor of Harvard University who had visited
Edgeworthstown with his wife in the 1830s, and from ‘about thirty young people
and children of Boston’ from their pocket money. An American ship’s captain
named Robert Bennett Forbes later wrote that $280 and 100 barrels of supplies
were sent from Boston to Edgeworthstown. The most lasting action by
Edgeworth in her endeavours to alleviate the suffering around her was the
writing of the novel Orlandino, a children’s story published in 1848, the proceeds
from the sale of which would go to famine relief.
Regarding mortality in the Edgeworthstown area, Maria informed her sister
Honora Beaufort, in a letter of 8 May 1847, that it was ‘not so much as a third’
above the normal level. However, the writer did not always remain in the
comfort of her house and listen to the tales of others. We have an extraordinary
eye-witness account from Biddy Macken of Pound Street, who worked as a
servant to the Edgeworth family and, in 1912, recounted some of her poignant
memories of the years of the ‘Black Praties’ to Richard Hyland N.T.
Then a teenager, Biddy recalled: “I went around with her (Maria) from house to
house in this town and far outside it carrying a big basket filled to the brim with
food. No house was passed by Maria without calling. Not only food was given but
turf and warm clothing purchased in the town. She was barely able to walk then
and had a short “cruben” stick to help her along. The “favor” was in a lot of houses
but Maria did not mind. When she visited the poor she was always cheerful and
had a way of “making them laugh”. She was short of breath often when we were
going up that hill (Pound Street) and often she had to sit down weary and tired in
the “parlour” when she got home."
Contact
The Maria Edgeworth Centre is located in in Edgeworthstown, County Longford, Ireland.
The center is dedicated to celebrating the life and works of Maria Edgeworth, a prominent Irish writer, and her family. It serves as a museum, cultural center, and a place for educational activities.
Address: Maria Edgeworth Centre, Edgeworthstown, County Longford, Ireland.
Website: Maria Edgeworth Centre
Email: info@mariaedgeworthcentre.com
Phone: +353 43 667 1801
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The Irish Famine: A Time of Desperation
The mid-19th century brought about the Irish Potato Famine, a catastrophic event that led to the death and displacement of millions. The potato crop failure, exacerbated by British policies and indifference, left the Irish population in a state of famine. People were starving, families were torn apart, and a sense of despair permeated the air.
The Unexpected Aid: Ottoman Turkey's Compassionate Response
In the midst of this humanitarian crisis, relief came from an unexpected quarter – the Ottoman Empire. News of the dire situation in Ireland reached the Sultan Abdulmajid I, who, despite his own empire facing challenges, decided to extend a helping hand. In 1847, the Ottoman Sultan donated £1,000 (equivalent to approximately £100,000 today) to alleviate the suffering of the Irish people.
The Grateful Letter from Ireland
The authorities in Ireland penned a letter expressing their gratitude to Sultan Abdulmajid I. In the heartfelt document, the writers expressed their thanks, acknowledging the generosity of the Ottoman Empire during their darkest hour. The letter reflects not only the dire circumstances of the time but also the resilience and gratitude of a community in the face of adversity.
A Transcendent Message of Compassion
The letter serves as a historical artifact, underscoring the interconnectedness of humanity during times of crisis. It transcends political and cultural boundaries, demonstrating that compassion knows no borders. The Ottoman aid to the Irish during the Famine stands as a reminder that, even in the face of immense challenges, acts of kindness and empathy can bridge gaps and provide hope.
Lessons for the Modern World
As we reflect on this historical event, the letter from Ireland to the Ottoman Sultan offers valuable lessons for the present day. It encourages us to look beyond our differences, extend a helping hand to those in need, and recognize that humanity is bound by a shared sense of compassion. In a world grappling with various challenges, the historical alliance between the people of Ireland and the Ottoman Turks serves as a beacon of hope and a call for solidarity.
Abdulmejid I (reigned 1839–1861) was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, serving from 1839 until his death in 1861. He was born on April 23, 1823, and ascended to the throne at the age of 16, following the death of his father, Mahmud II. Abdulmejid I's reign marked a period of significant reform and modernization within the Ottoman Empire.
One of the key reforms during Abdulmejid I's rule was the Tanzimat reforms, which aimed at modernizing various aspects of the Ottoman state, including legal, administrative, and military systems. These reforms were intended to strengthen the central government, promote equality before the law, and improve the overall governance of the empire.
Despite his efforts to modernize the Ottoman Empire, Abdulmejid I faced challenges, including external conflicts and internal opposition from conservative elements resistant to change. The empire also struggled with financial difficulties during his reign.
Abdulmejid I died on June 25, 1861, and was succeeded by his brother, Abdülaziz. The Tanzimat reforms initiated during Abdulmejid I's reign continued to influence later developments within the Ottoman Empire as it navigated the challenges of the 19th century.
Conclusion:
The Irish Famine Letter of Thanks to the Ottoman Turks is a powerful testament to the resilience of the human spirit and the capacity for compassion in times of crisis. In a world that often seems divided, this historical episode serves as a reminder of our shared humanity and the potential for positive change when disparate communities come together to lend a helping hand.
Excerpt from Charity and the Great Hunger in Ireland: The Kindness of Strangers
Book by Christine Kinealy
Abdul Medjod Khan's involvement in Famine relief took place early in 1847, when he made
a donation of £1,000 to the British Relief Association.
He had originally offered £10,000 to the British Relief Association and some ships
laden with provisions, but had been advised by British diplomats that British
Royal protocol meant that nobody should contribute more than the Queen. It was suggested
that he gave half the sum contributed by Victoria.
The Sultan complied with this suggestion.
The Sultan's donation was entrusted to the Honourable My Wellesley, the Ambassador
in Constantinople and forwarded to the British Relief Association.
...
In Ireland, a meeting of the Royal Irish Agricultural Society in Ireland was held, presided over by the Earl of Charlemont, a liberal, reforming landlord.
An address to the Sultan / thank you letter was drawn up, which was signed by many of the
principal people in the country.
The Sultan's response to the Irish address gives some insight into his motivations:
It gave me great pain when I hear of the sufferings of the Irish people.
I would have done all in my power to relieve their wants...I pray that
for the future they mae be prosperous and happy and independent of
the aid of other nations. In contributing to the relief of the Irish people,
I only listened to the dictates of my heart; but it was only my duty to
show my sympathy for the sufferings of a portion of the subjects of her
Majesty, the Queen of England, for I look upon England as the best and truest
friend of Turkey
The fact that, were it not for 'Royal Etiquette', the donation would have been
much larger, was used berate the British goverment.
The Sultan's act of generosity to Ireland in 1847, when he was aged only 23, has
not been forgotten.
Incredibly, actual leaves from diseased potato crops that devastated Ireland during the Great Famine still exist.
These leaves were originally taken from diseased potato plants at the Botanic Gardens in Glasnevin Dublin in 1846 and 1847. Today they are stored securely in The Herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London.
177 years ago, the sight of these leaves and the smell of rotting potato plants struck fear into the heart of Irish farmers and labourers across Ireland.
The pathogen that caused the blight was Phytophthora infestans, a fungus-like microorganism that infects potato plants through their leaves, but the full story had always been a mystery.
In 2013, using DNA from these leaves, Researchers identified the specific pathogen responsible for the blight behind the Irish Potato Famine by sequencing its genome.
Phytophthora infestans originated in the Toluca Valley in Mexico, sometime after Europeans began colonising the Americas.
It turned out, contrary to expectations, that the strain that caused the Irish Potato Famine isn't US-1, which still causes blights today around the world -- it's an entirely new strain called HERB-1.
Looking through the genomes they recovered, the researchers found clear evidence that Phytophthora infestans had undergone rapid diversification shortly after the arrival of Spanish invaders in the 1500s. It spread rapidly beyond the Toluca Valley to the rest of the Americas, and to Europe.
HERB-1 appears in the early 1800s, spreading to Europe in 1845 to infect the potato crops. It only died out in the early 1900s, to be replaced by the US-1 strain that continues to destroy crops around the world to this day.
The potato blight that affected America in the 1840s was caused by the same organism, Phytophthora infestans, that devastated potato crops in Ireland during the same period. This blight had significant consequences for American agriculture and society, particularly in regions where potatoes were a staple food.
In the United States, the potato blight first appeared in the northeastern states in the late 1840s, spreading rapidly across the country in subsequent years. Like in Ireland, the blight led to widespread crop failures, resulting in food shortages, economic hardship, and social upheaval, especially among immigrant communities who relied heavily on potatoes as a dietary staple.
The impact of the potato blight in America varied regionally, with some areas experiencing more severe consequences than others. For example, regions with large Irish immigrant populations, such as New York and New England, were particularly hard hit.
The potato blight in America contributed to increased awareness of agricultural pests and diseases, leading to efforts to develop more resilient crop varieties and improved farming practices. It also underscored the vulnerability of monoculture farming systems and the importance of crop diversity in mitigating the risks of disease outbreaks.
Overall, the potato blight in America during the 1840s had significant social, economic, and agricultural impacts, similar to its effects in Ireland and other parts of Europe.
]]>The Irish Famine Exhibition
Located on the 2nd Floor of the Stephens Green Shopping Centre. This summer exhibition tells the story of what happened. It contains storyboards, wonderful 19th century photographs, a short documentary film and a number of original artefacts. This Dublin Famine Tour is self-guiding. Allow 1 hour to visit. We plan to a book and USB stick available to purchase at this years exhibition.
The Famine Memorial
The Famine Memorial is located on Customs House Quay. It was created by Rowan Gillespie and presented to the city of Dublin in 1997. The sculpture features six lifesize figures dressed in rags, clutching onto their belongings and children. In 2007, similar figures where unveiled in Toronto, Canada's Ireland Park. The two memorials to show emigrants leaving famished Ireland for a new life.
Edward Delaney was an Irish sculptor born in Claremorris in County Mayo in 1930. His best known works include the 1967 statue of Wolfe Tone and famine memorial at the northeastern corner of St Stephen's Green in Dublin and the statue of Thomas Davis in College Green, opposite Trinity College Dublin. These are both examples of lost-wax bronze castings, his main technique during the 1960s and early 1970s.
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Ballinspittle in County Cork is an area that was covered by the Kinsale Union Workhouse.
The 1841 Census states that there were 816 houses in the area, and 654 of these were windowless, one-room cabins, built of mud.
Despite this, the area was described as a prosperous one.
The potato blight was first seen in the area in September 1845....
Registry of Admittance and Discharge
Above is a double page Register, from March 1847, at the Kinsale Union Workhouse. It details people who entered and left the workhouse. It gives a fascinating snapshot into what was going on as starvation and disease reached it's peak.
Entries for March 1847 (Left page of a double page)
(Right page of the double page)
From the images above, you can observe details such as:
a) The first entry is for Michael Barrett, age 13, an Orphan, a Roman Catholic, is denoted as being Healthy.
It is noted that he is Badly Clothed. He entered the workhouse on March 29th and left October 25th.
c) A Family (John and Jude Griffin, and son John age 7) also enter on March 29th.
A week later it is marked (extreme right of Right page) that John age 7 dies on April 5th. The parents left the workhouse on April 9th.
As we move through the page we can note that:
a) Ellen Sullivan, a 28 year old servant enters with her 4 year old son James. She is marked Able but he is marked as being Sick.
James dies on April 27th and Ellen leaves on August 28th.
b) Cornelius Collins, a Widower enters on March 30th with 3 members of his family. All of them leave shortly afterwards on April 1st.
Towards the end of this page, we can note that an increasing number of people of are dying in the workhouse. If they were healthy upon entering, they were at increased risk of picking up a contagious disease inside.
]]>Reverand Edward Nangle (1799 – 1883)
One of these Protestant Evangelicals who was accused of engaging in the controversial practice was the Reverand Edward Nangle.
A native of County Meath, in 1834, he established a Protestant mission on Achill Island, County Mayo, and worked there for eighteen years with the aim of bringing Christianity to those living there.
When Edward Nangle arrived in Achill with his young family, it was one of the most destitute spots in Ireland jutting off the coast of Mayo into the Atlantic.
Nangle's project was bold and daring. He wanted to transform the island and to lift the people out of their destitution which he blamed on Popery and the Catholic Church. He would bring the Bible to the islanders, using their native language.
He would set up schools, reclaim land, bring medical services and encourage good living.
He would civilise the island and scriptural education was his main tool.
At this time, Achill was populated by around 6,000 mainly poor Irish Catholics.
Nangle himself was seen as a difficult and intolerant man with a deep hatred of Catholicism. The force of his personality and the nature of his mission, brought him into regular conflict with local Catholic priests and the equally forceful Archbishop John McHale.
Archbishop John McHale (1789 – 1881)
By the early 1840s, the Achill Mission Colony included two-storey slated houses, a printing press, an orphanage, a hospital, a post office, a dispensary, a corn mill and farm buildings, surrounded by fields reclaimed from the wet mountain slopes.
In 1842, the colony accommodated fifty-six families comprising 365 individuals. Only eleven of these families were originally Protestant; the remaining forty-five families were originally Catholic.
As the mission grew, it attracted more public scrutiny. Samuel and Anna Hall visited the Achill mission as part of an Irish tour which the couple had embarked on with the aim of producing a guide book of Ireland for tourists.
Arriving at the Colony, they conducted a brief overview of the mission, taking into account the finances expended and the practical results. However, they were not 'enamoured' by Nangle's strict approach to the entrants of the school, the mission and the orphanage.
The Halls branded the Mission ‘a complete failure’ and targeted Nangle, labelling him as a man without any genuine sense of gentle, peace-loving, Christian zeal.
A similar visit undertook by Asenath Nicholson, an American author, drew unwelcome attention to the expenditure and income of the Achill Mission Colony and raised questions about the benefits of the organisation.
Achill Mission Colony
Nangle's physical and mental health had been precarious since his youth. He endured symptoms of what would now be termed bipolar.
With the onset of the Great Famine, his health crumpled. Despite this, he was able to marshal huge resources through his fundraising, mainly in England, for the Achill Mission.
In the spring of 1847, at the height of the Famine, Nangle and the colony employed 2,192 labourers and fed 600 children a day. By July 1847, it was suggested that 5,000 out of Achill's total population of around 6,000, were receiving practical support from the mission, which had planted twenty-one tons of blight-free foreign potatoes.
What appeared to be a humane gesture was soon embroiled in controversy. The nasty charge of souperism - securing converts with material benefits like food - was levelled at him. "Nangle the soul-buyer" was the accusation.
Edward Nangle in turn declared that no children were admitted to the colony schools unless they were willing to receive religious instruction,
but his schools had saved many from starvation.
Achill Mission Colony
The Achill Mission almost certainly saved many from famine death - a place of refuge in difficult times. As conditions improved, many who had left the Catholic faith soon returned to the fold.
In 1852, Nangle left Achill after 18 years working on the island, and moved to County Sligo, where he became Rector of Skreen.
Today, Edward Nangle's remains at rest in Deansgrange Cemetery, Co Dublin.
Kinsale Workhouse Admissions Office Building
A roll call was carried out each morning.
A typical day inside an Irish famine workhouse was to rise at 6am, breakfast at 6.30am, work until 12noon, lunch break and then work until 6pm. Supper was served at 7pm, with lights out at 8pm.
Meals were served in a communal dining room and held in silence. Husbands, wives and children were separated as they entered the workhouse and could be punished if they attempted to speak to each other. An inmate’s only possessions were his/her uniform, mattress and blanket. Once a week the inmates bathed and the men shaved.
Kinsale Workhouse Graveyard
The Famine caused a crisis in the Irish Workhouse System.
By the end of 1846 many of the workhouses were full and refusing to admit new
applicants. There was widespread shortages of bedding and clothing. Unwashed clothes of inmates who had died from fever or disease were given to the next new inmate arriving at the workhouse. There was often a shortage of coffins and burial grounds were often located close to the workhouse, sometimes next to the water supply.
Kinsale Workhouse Death Register
As panic gripped the country, and with no other options available, there was a great rush to enter the workhouse.
The road to the workhouse became known as ‘cosan na marbh’ or ‘pathway of the dead’, and over a quarter of those admitted died inside the workhouse.
Kinsale Community Hospital (formally Kinsale Workhouse)
The 1847 Soup Kitchens Act gave some relief to the workhouses. However, in the summer of the same year, the newly elected British Government declared the Famine to be over and ceased providing financial relief. The Poor Law Unions were made responsible for future relief measures. There were unable to cope and large numbers of people continued to die.
The workhouse system was abolished in the early 1920s, when Ireland gained independence from Britain.
Workhouses during the famine in Ireland:
Antrim:
Armagh:
Carlow:
Cavan:
Clare:
Cork:
Derry/Londonderry:
Donegal:
Down:
Dublin:
Fermanagh:
Galway:
Kerry:
Kildare:
Kilkenny:
Laois (Queen's County):
Leitrim:
Limerick:
Longford:
Louth:
Mayo:
Meath:
Monaghan:
Offaly (King's County):
Roscommon:
Sligo:
Tipperary:
Tyrone:
Waterford:
Westmeath:
Wexford:
Wicklow:
Irish Famine Workhouses
4000 adolescent female orphans emigrated from Irish workhouses to the Australian colonies, arriving at Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide between 1848 and 1850.
Their emigration became known as the ‘Earl Grey scheme’ after its principal architect, Earl Grey. Many of the 4,000 teenagers faced anti-Irish sentiment, discrimination and abuse, but were a resilient group.
The first orphans girls arrived from Ireland aboard the Lady Kennaway on September 11th, 1848. Most of the girls were from counties Mayo, Galway, Sligo and Donegal, and many were native Irish (Gaelic) speakers.
A total of six ships, Pemberton, the Lady Kennaway, Diadem, New Liverpool, Derwent and Eliza Caroline, sailed across the world with 4,000 Irish Famine orphan girls, 1,700 of them arriving in Melbourne.
Earl Grey (1802-1894)
Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
The orphans had an important - still widely unknown - role in the Australian story, and one which countless Australians can claim in their own family story.
The Irish Potato Famine / Great Hunger had decimated the population of Ireland, resulting in more than one million deaths and two million emigrants forced to flee starvation and disease.
The Earl Grey scheme took girls aged from 14 to 19 from workhouses across Ireland to work in Australia as servants, and to help populate the new colony.
After the horror of starvation and loss of family and home in the Irish Famine, surviving the destitution of the infamous workhouses and enduring an arduous sea voyage, the orphans reached a strange and intimidating new land. But they must also have had feelings of hope and optimism.
Russell Blanch, left, and his Irish ancestor Eliza Dooley
Hyde Park Barracks Sydney
Housed at the Immigration Depot, now the Immigration Museum, sisters and friends were soon separated as they were hired-out to work.
Some of the Famine orphans suffered exploitation and abuse from unscrupulous employers, and others fell on hard times. All were subjected to rampant discrimination, as anti-Irish sentiment increased with the arrival of each ship.
According to 1848 records of the Lady Kennaway, the complement of 191 Irish orphan girls were well behaved and in excellent health. They enjoyed the benefit of a full allowance of rations on the 85-day voyage. Although few could read, and almost none could write, they were given a prayer book and testament from their poorhouses.
Nonetheless, most of the Irish Famine orphans flourished – they married and raised families in the harsh conditions of the new colony. Great numbers would live to see the dawn of the new 20th century in their new land.
Sisters Eliza and Catherine Dooley and their cousin Ellen travelled from the Parsonstown Union workhouse in Kings County (Offaly), arriving in Sydney on the Tippoo Saib in July 1850. Eliza, the youngest, was 17. Her parents, from Kilcoleman, were dead. An uncle remained in the workhouse
Staying briefly in the Barracks, Eliza found work as a nursemaid in Maitland and in 1854 married an Englishman John Blanch, eventually raising 13 children.
Within a decade the couple had acquired the ‘Royal Oak Inn’ on the Uralla gold diggings near Armidale.
At one time terrorised by the bushranger ‘Thunderbolt’, whose inquest took place in her Inn, Eliza remained in Uralla until 1891 before moving to Armidale where she died, aged 80, in 1912.
Here is a sample of Irish Famine Memorials :
Irish Famine Exhibition, Dublin
This is a temporary popup summer exhibition which is located in the Stephens Green Centre in Dublin, Ireland. This Irish Famine Memorial tells the story of the Great Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852) using storyboards, a documentary film and artefacts.
Grosse Île, Quebec, Canada
"Grosse Île serves as a memorial to the tragic events endured by Irish immigrants here, chiefly during the typhus epidemic of 1847, when nearly 100,000 people, the majority escaping the Great Famine then ravaging Ireland, set sail for Canada. More than five thousand ended their journey buried on this island." https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=616
Kindred Spirits
The Kindred Spirits sculpture, also known as the Choctaw Nation and Irish Famine Memorial, is located in Midleton, County Cork, Ireland. It commemorates the bond between the Choctaw Nation and the Irish people during the Great Famine in the 1840s. The Choctaw Nation, despite facing their own hardships, raised funds to send to Ireland to support famine relief.
The memorial was unveiled in June 2017 and was created by Cork-based artist Alex Pentek. The sculpture consists of nine stainless steel eagle feathers arranged in a circle, symbolizing a bowl. This design is reminiscent of the traditional Choctaw wedding basket. The feathers represent a gesture of solidarity, compassion, and empathy between the Choctaw Nation and the Irish people.
The Choctaw Nation's contribution to Irish famine relief is a touching and little-known aspect of history that the Kindred Spirits memorial seeks to honor and remember. The memorial serves as a symbol of the enduring connections between diverse cultures and the capacity for empathy and support even in times of great hardship.
The National Irish Famine Museum
This Irish famine memorial is a museum located in Strokestown, Roscommon, Ireland. The museum was built by the Westward Group and all the documents on display in the museum are from the estate. The exhibit aims to explain the Great Irish Famine and to draw parallels with the occurrence of famine in the world today. The Museum is twinned with the Grosse Isle and the Irish Memorial National Historic Site in Quebec, Canada.
The Dublin Famine Memorial
The Irish Famine Memorial in Dublin, also known as the Famine Memorial or the Great Famine Memorial, is located along the Custom House Quay in Dublin, Ireland. The memorial was unveiled in 1997 and is dedicated to the memory of those who suffered and died during the Great Famine (1845-1852), a devastating period in Irish history marked by widespread crop failures, starvation, and mass emigration.
The memorial consists of a series of bronze statues created by sculptor Rowan Gillespie. The statues depict emaciated and skeletal figures representing the Irish people who endured immense suffering during the famine. The haunting and powerful sculptures are arranged in a line along the quay, facing the River Liffey.
Famine Memorial in St Stephen's Green
The memorial, officially titled "Famine" or "Famine Memorial," was unveiled in 1967 and is situated on the western side of the park.
The sculpture by Edward Delaney depicts a family group with hollowed faces, symbolizing the suffering and hardship endured during the Irish Famine (1845-1852). The figures are positioned on a simple stone plinth. The memorial serves as a poignant reminder of the devastating impact of the famine on the Irish population.
National Famine Monument at Murrisk, County Mayo
The National Famine Monument in Murrisk, County Mayo, Ireland, is a significant memorial commemorating the victims of the Great Famine (1845-1852). The monument is located near Croagh Patrick, a mountain associated with Saint Patrick, about 7 kilometers west of Westport.
The monument was unveiled in 1997 and was created by sculptor John Behan. It consists of a bronze sculpture depicting a "Coffin Ship," which refers to the overcrowded and disease-ridden ships that carried Irish emigrants, often in appalling conditions, to North America and other destinations during and after the famine. The ship is set against the backdrop of a stone wall.
Liverpool, England
A memorial is in the grounds of St Luke's Church on Leece Street. It recalls that from 1849–1852 1,241,410 Irish immigrants arrived in the city and that from there they dispersed to locations around the world. Many died despite the help they received within the city. Some 7000 in the city perished within one year.
The Irish Hunger Memorial New York
This famine memorial looks like a sloping hillside with low stone walls and a roofless cabin on one side and a polished wall with lit (or white) lines on the other three sides. The memorial is located in Battery Park City, a short walk west from the World Trade Center site. The Irish Hunger Memorial is a notable public art installation and memorial located in New York City. It was dedicated on July 16, 2002, and serves as a tribute to the millions of Irish people who died or were displaced during the Great Famine (1845-1852) in Ireland. The memorial also aims to raise awareness about contemporary hunger issues around the world.
Famine Memorial in Toronto, Canada
Famine Memorial in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, known as the Ireland Park Foundation. This memorial commemorates the Irish Famine and the thousands of Irish immigrants who arrived in Toronto during the 1840s, particularly during the years of the Great Famine (1845-1852).
Four bronze statues arriving at the Toronto wharves, at Ireland Park on Bathurst Quay. These were modeled after the Dublin Departure Memorial.
Coffin Ship Sculpture: One notable sculpture in the park depicts a family aboard a ship, highlighting the difficult conditions that many Irish immigrants faced during their transatlantic journeys, often on overcrowded and disease-ridden ships referred to as "coffin ships."
An Gorta Mor Memorial, Irish Hills, Michigan
The Ancient Order of Hibernian's An Gorta Mor Memorial is located on the grounds in the Irish Hills district of Lenawee County, Michigan. There are thirty-two black stones as the platform, one for each county in Ireland. The grounds are surrounded with a stone wall. The Lintel is a step from Penrose Quay in Cork Harbour.
The text below the famine cross museum piece reads as follows:
'Made from the Wood of a Hinged Coffin used in the Famine of 1846-47'.
The famine cross was given to the Presentation Sisters by Canon John O'Rourke, a priest of Maynooth College.
The inscription on the reverse of the cross is as follows:
During the frightful plague which devastated a large proportion of Ireland in the years 1846 -47 – that monstrous and unChristian machine a “sliding coffin” was from necessity used in Bantry Union for the conveyance of the victims to one common grave. The material of this cross, the symbol of our Redemption, is a portion of one of the machines, which enclosed the remains of several hundreds of our countrymen during their passage from the wretched huts or waysides where they died, to the pit, into which their remains were thrown. T.W.
This text is reputed to have been written by Dr Thomas Willis and pasted onto the back of the bottom shaft of one of three crosses he is thought to have fashioned from the base of a hinged coffin.
Dr Willis gave the famine cross museum piece to Canon O'Rourke who added a metal figure of Jesus to the front of the cross. He subsequently donated the crucifix to the Presentation Sisters.
Willis was a Dublin-based physician and apothecary best known for his promotion of the health of the working classes, and was a founding member of the Irish St Vincent de Paul charity in 1844. He was appointed one of two Poor Law Inspectors for Bantry, County Cork in 1847 after serving as a guardian of the Bantry workhouse
Famine Cross Background (Notes from Canon John O'Rourke)
The Cross of which I propose to give some account, is made of common white deal, although time has darkened its colour. Its centre limb or shaft is two feet three inches long, and it measures one foot and one inch across the arms; its scantling is two inches seven- eighths by five eighths of an inch.
It is one of three crosses which the late Dr Thomas Willis of Upper Ormond Quay, in the City of Dublin, but who spent the last years of his long life in Rathmines, had made from the wood of a coffin which, in the great Famine of 1846-47, was known as the hinged or sliding coffin. The peculiar construction of this coffin resulted from the necessities of the time. In the beginning of the fearful visitation coffins were provided for the dead in the usual way, and friends bore their departed friends to the grave as of old; but this pious and time-honoured custom had to be gradually given up, as the number of deaths increased. Besides in the presence of starvation, and death, the people became – I will not say callous, as some have said, for that would be untrue-, but they became stupefied, and to some extent insensible to everything but the pangs of hunger, and its dreadful consequences from which they saw no escape.
They ceased to bury their dead with any regularity; they had not the simplest appliances for doing so, and, even if they had, dying on their limbs as they were, they had not the strength or energy to bury them. Whole families died unheeded and forgotten. During my enquiries with reqards to the Famine, I heard of cases in which the dead were only accidently discovered by the offensive effluvia which issued from their cabins. Under such circumstances there was but one mode of interment possible, and it was adopted: the cabin, roof and wall, was thrown down upon the dead, and thus, what was once their little home, became “the grave of the household”. Neighbours above want were very generous in supplying coffins, or contributing to the purchase of them, but the ever- increasing number of deaths at length set at defiance all attempts to bury the dead with the simplest marks of decency. Poor Law Boards were sometimes applied to for coffins, but they usually refused to supply them, considering that to do so would be a misapplication of the rates, utterly insufficient as they were, to save the people from starvation. And so the dead had to be buried without coffins; sometimes they were tied up in straw for interment, but more frequently they were brought to the churchyard in carts or cars, with litter of some kind thrown loosely over them.
As the ravages of the Famine became more fatal and extensive, the difficulty of getting graves made became as great as that of providing coffins, and when a grave was opened, as many corpses as it could be made to hold were crushed into it But an ordinary grave would not hold many , so the people began to make pits capable of holding a large number, probably from twenty to thirty and sometime even more. Many years ago I examined a number of those pits in the beautiful Churchyard of Abbeystrowry, on the banks of the rive Ilen at Skibbereen, which was the principal burial-ground during the Famine. In them the dead were places in strata, a little clay being thrown over each stratum before the next was laid one. The pits were of various sizes, but I should think, that in some instances, one stratum would consist of ten or twelve bodies ranged in double lines of five or six each, there being probably three or even four strata in each pit; but I am of opinion that this reqularity was not always observed, and the dead were thrown into those pits sometimes in a careless manner, and the pits were closed when they could hold no more.
I found no trace of the hinged coffin in Skibbereen or Skull or Ballydehob, or in other localities of the South, that suffered in the early part of the Famine; so that I am strongly of opinion, that this strange contrivance for bearing the dead to the grave originated in Bantry, and in the later period of the Famine. Its construction, as may be well supposed, was very simple; it was a coffin in shape and appearance, its peculiarity being that the bottom of it had two hinges at one side, and a hasp and staple or other moveable fastening at the other. When those who bore a corpse in it came to the grave or pit, they lowered the coffin over it; the hasp was freed, the bottom of the coffin at once opened, on its hinges like a door and the corpse, thus freed, fell into the grave or pit. In those dreadful times, extra medical aid was sent to various part of Ireland, but chiefly from Dublin. Dr Willis was appointed to Bantry, and it was there he became acquainted with hinged coffins; it was also there he had the three crosses made, of which that I have described above was one; another he presented to the late Mr A.M.Sullivan and the third, he retained. In the inscription which Dr Willis affixed to the back of this cross, (and which is on it still, verified by his initials) he says that “several hundreds” were carried to the grave in the hinged coffin of which it is made: in a conversation which I had on this subject with the late Mr A.M. Sullivan, who was a native of Bantry, he used these words:
“I have seen one of those hinged coffins, which had borne more than three hundred corpses to the grave. I have seen men go along the road with it to collect dead bodies as they met them”.
Dr Willis says “several hundreds”; Mr Sullivan says “over three hundred” so that as to numbers they substantially agree. Now, Dr Willis told me, that the hinged coffin from which this cross was made belonged to the Poor Law Union of Bantry, and from the fact that Mr Sullivan was a native of that place, it seems most probably that Dr Willis and Mr Sullivan referred to the same hinged coffin. Assuming the fact to be so, we have in this cross the wood of one of the most famous, if not the most famous of those hinged coffins, which have become historic in connection with the great Irish Famine of 1846-47.
The figure on the cross having come into my hands I got it affixed to it, but as far as I know, it has no historical value.
The cross, whose history I have thus endeavoured to trace, is preserved in the Convent of the Presentation Order.
J.O’R.
Irish Famine Museum, 2nd floor, Stephens Green Centre, Dublin
'Irish immigrant Florence Burke has lived in Massachusetts for more than a decade but he's still a tenant farmer and his family lives in near-poverty. He came to America for a better life, but finds his adoptive country less than hospitable. Florence recognizes that owning land is the path to prosperity, but the bank won’t grant him a loan and he’s running out of options.
An opportunity arises that could make his dreams come true, but it involves great personal risk to both himself and his family. He recalls the gamble he took when he fled the Potato Famine in Ireland, and wonders if he could make a gamble on his life one more time? Will his wife and children understand his decision to join the war?'..
Reviews from Goodreads.com :
'Best book that I have read in a very long time. Author made me feel that I was there and wrote with descriptive writing that brought me to that time in history. I could not wait to finish the book and find out what happened and see the story unfold. A must read'
'Great characters, vivid descriptions, and totally believable. Wonderful story based on letters found in an attic. Highly recommended.'
'I had not read a book that focused on the Irish immigration to Massachusetts. It was well written and very interesting.'
'Wonderful story based on a box of found letters sent by a Civil War Soldier to his wife. This book is set in West Springfield, MA and tells of the struggles of a young family who emigrated from Ireland.'
Florence Burke in Union Army Uniform
'It is five years since Ellen Alden found a small mahogany box in the attic of her home in West Springfield, Massachusetts. The box contained 19 original letters written by her great-great-grandfather Florence Burke to his wife, who is also called Ellen. They bear extraordinary testimony to an Irish immigrant’s involvement in the American Civil War.'
Ellen Alden, author of Yours Faithfully, Florence Burke
'At the outbreak of the civil war in 1861, there were 1.6 million Irish-born living in the United States. Of those, 180,000 joined the Union Army and 20,000 the Confederates.
The civil war was bloody beyond the imaginings of any of its combatants. Damian Shiels, the foremost Irish historian of the war, estimates that between 25,000 and 35,000 Irishmen were killed in it.'
Dáithí and Maura of RTE's Today Show
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